Diabetes mellitus - symptoms and treatment

Diabetes mellitus belongs to the group of endocrine diseases. The pathology develops in the event of a violation of production or action on the insulin tissue - the hormone of the pancreatic island island, which contributes to the absorption of glucose. Sugar can accumulate in the blood (hyperglycemia) and in the urine (glycosuria).

A long violation of glucose disposal leads to a disorder of all types of metabolism. The pathology of the island's apparatus often continues with different in terms of severity from disorder from other organs and systems. Small vessels, retina, kidneys and nervous system are characteristic.

Typically, diabetes mellitus has emphasized the deviations of metabolism and is easily diagnosed. It is more difficult to identify the disease in the initial and pre -clinical stage when the patient's complaints are minimal or absent. This requires a deliberate deliberate study. Identifying the disease in the early stages is an important condition for effective treatment and prevention of prevention.

If you need to go through a comprehensive examination of endocrinopathy or are looking for where to cure diabetes mellitus only for professional doctors. Patient services are experienced endocrinologists and laboratory with modern diagnostic equipment for high precision research.

The main symptoms of diabetes mellitus

This disease is characterized by a number of complaints and objective features detected by laboratory diagnostic tests. The first manifestations of diabetes are quite diverse. Separate signs or group of symptoms that may indicate the disease include:

specific metabolic disorders - changing body weight, thirst, increased urination, constant feeling of hunger; General non -specific complaints - loss of strength, fatigue in small loads, drowsiness, muscle weakness; dry skin, itching in the genital area, around the anus; Often repeated sincerity, healing of slow wound; painful dry mouth, a feeling of swelling of the oral mucosa; poor teeth condition, adulthood; Neuritis with impaired peripheral sensitivity; Change in sexual, reproductive functions - loss of attraction, infertility, birth of large babies; loss of vision organs; Complaints from the cardiovascular system.

Often symptoms do not cause anxiety in the patient, and he does not consider it necessary to consult a doctor. Sometimes every manifestation of the disease is missing, and hyperglycemia is found only with a planned examination.

The most characteristic of the island's pathology are complaints from metabolic:

Polyuria (rapid urination). With hypoinsulinism, urinary insulation often occurs in large quantities. Its daily volumes exceed 3 liters. Daytime congratulations prevail, painlessly. Poldipsi (thirst). Increased thirst is due to dehydration. The amount of drunken fluid exceeds 3 liters. Often, patients prefer sweetened drinks to quench thirst. Weight change. A decrease in body weight is due to the loss of juice, protein, fats, carbohydrates. Excess weight may precede the disease or contribute to its development. Polyphagus (increased appetite). Preference is given to sweet foods rich in carbohydrates. In the initial stage of the disease, hunger manifests most often in the form of painful seizures.

If pathological signs are found in the hospital for diabetics or a diagnostic center for a deliberate examination.

Factors that influence the development of diabetes mellitus

In diabetes development mechanisms, two main points are distinguished, on the basis of which the disease is divided into types:

Low insulin production of intra -pancreatic cells. Violation of the hormone's ability to act on the body, cell immunity to insulin.

In the case of insufficient insulin products, type 1 diabetes develops. It is based on the progressive destruction of the islands of the Langergan (intra -regional pancreatic cells). This is due to autoimmune processes in the body - antibodies to insulin, secretory structures of cells and enzymes are produced.

Provocative factors in the development of autoimmune disorders can serve:

viral infections; breach of nutrition during pregnancy, during nutrition; unfavorable environmental situation; The action of stress.

Type 1 diabetes is most often diagnosed in young people. The first manifestations of pathology occur when the death of intra -drug cells reaches more than 80%. The disease continues with a high risk of complications, all types of metabolism suffer significantly.

Type 2 diabetes occurs with the immunity of tissue receptors in the action of insulin. In this case, the hormone reproduces in normal or slightly reduced amounts. The mechanism of such violations is associated with initially inferior insulin structure (hereditary predisposition) or obtained changes, as a result of which the signal transmission of the receptors in the internal structures of the cell is violated.

Provoke the development of type 2 disease can:

improper diet, overeating; sedentary lifestyle; hypertension; alcohol abuse; age -related changes; Obesity; Uncontrolled medicines.

Diagnostic Diagnostic Methods

According to statistics, about 2. 5% of the population worldwide suffer from diabetes. The number of people with a latent or predisposed course for the disease is much more. Over time, the identified hyperglycemia allows you to prevent serious complications.

The main method of diagnosing the disorder are laboratory tests. The most reliable sign of damaged metabolism is an increase in blood sugar on an empty stomach more than 6. 1 mmol/l, and 2 hours after meal - over 11. 1 mmol/l. With suspicious results, a glucosotolerant test is used.

People under the age of 45 are recommended to examine blood sugar levels at least every 3 years. One year, an examination of the review is needed for persons at risk:

Obesity; Age after 45 years; hereditary predisposition; Increased glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides.

Patients from the risk group and with an already identified disease need a more complete study with laboratory and instrumental methods. Center or clinics in the treatment of diabetes match the world diagnostic standards.

Modern clinics provide various diabetes treatment programs that aim to identify metabolic disorders and early stages complications. They include:

Biochemical blood test (all necessary indicators - glucose, lipid spectrum, protein, transaminase, potassium, urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium); Clinical blood test; urine analysis; inspection of an ophthalmologist; duplex scan of the main arteries of the head; Endocrinologist consultation.

Of particular importance is the study of the level of blood-stained hemoglobin for long-term control over glucose (last 2-3 months) and the quality of the quality of therapy. The test is included in the specialized care standard and should be performed for all patients with diabetes every 3 months.

The methodology for determining this indicator requires high quality equipment and data interpretation. At the diabetes treatment center, modern laboratory equipment allows you to monitor the results with high accuracy, without the need for re -analysis. Patient services are experienced specialists, a wide profile of diagnostic skills, the latest research and treatment technologies.

Diabetes treatment methods

There are no effective ways to fully cure. Most often, the treatment of diabetes decreases in the achievement of stable indicators of blood glucose levels, preventing late complications and normalizing lipid blood spectrum and blood pressure levels.

All patients must adhere to a diet. It is recommended to limit rapid carbohydrates to balance the ratio of protein (20%), fats (20%) and carbohydrates (60%). The calorie content of food should correspond to physical activity. In mild cases, it is possible to achieve compensation for the pathology using a diet.

All patients are trained in self -control. The blood sugar level is determined by the patient himself using removable glucometers. Long -term monitoring of indicators and the effectiveness of therapy is controlled by an endocrinologist.

Drug treatment involves taking oral square agents -and insulin therapy. Indications for replacement therapy with insulin:

all patients with type 1 diabetes; inefficiency of other types of treatment; signs of decompensation of metabolic disorders; ketoacidosis; intolerance to oral sugar reduction agents; Distant pancreas.

Criteria for compensation of metabolic disorders:

The level of glycated hemoglobin is less than 7%. Blood glucose on an empty stomach less than 5. 0-6. 5 mmol/l. Blood glucose after 2 hours after eating-less than 8-10 mmol/l. Blood glucose before going to bed - less than 7. 5 mmol/l. Blood cholesterol - less than 4. 8 mmol/l. Triglycerides-less than 1. 7-1. 8 mmol/l. Arterial pressure - less than 130/80 mm Hg. columns

An important condition for adequate control over the disease is the choice of an experienced specialist. If you need to undergo an examination or treatment of diabetes in a hospital, carefully select the clinics that provide quality and professional services.